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The main idea here is how toxic products are relative to each other. That comparison is captured by the product’s toxicity—the inherent ability of a substance to cause harm. When you say one product is more toxic than another, you’re referring to its toxicity. Think of toxicity as a property that labs measure with values like LD50 or categorical toxicity levels; a lower LD50 means higher toxicity, so you’re directly comparing those toxicity values across products.

The other concepts don’t describe this direct comparison. Modes of action tell you how the product affects pests, not how toxic it is in general. Formulation is about the product’s physical form and how it’s delivered, not its relative toxicity. Hazard and toxicity combines risk from exposure with toxicity, which is broader than just the inherent ability to cause harm, so it isn’t the specific factor asked for here.